Man Or Monster By Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Oscar...

Man or Monster? According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, a monster is defined as â€Å"an animal or plant of abnormal form or structure.† While this definition holds some truth, it is limited to only describing external appearances. In fact, what distinguishes a monster from a seemingly â€Å"civilized† man is often not manifested through external appearances. The true monsters are individuals who fail to maturely take responsibility for their actions. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, the â€Å"monsters† come from creators that will not take responsibilities for their actions and properly care for their creations; therefore, these neglecting creators are the true monsters and not the innocent, impressionable creations. Victor Frankenstein’s characterization and family background establish his nature as the true â€Å"monster† in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Victor had an idyllic childhood, wh ich laid the foundation to his self-absorbed and uncaring behavior later in life. As a child, both Victor’s mother and father provided him with excessive care, love, compassion and the freedom to pursue whatever his heart desired. In describing his relationship with his parents, Victor states, â€Å"They seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love just to bestow them on me† (Shelley 19). This idea of showering their son with excessive affection is further demonstrated when Alphonse and Caroline adopted Elizabeth Lavenza into their familyShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein And The Picture Of Dorian Gray As British Gothic Literature1837 Words   |  8 PagesEric Haney Mr. Kearney English 4 AP 27 May 2015 Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray as British Gothic Literature â€Å"There is something at work in my soul, which I do not understand.† This quote from Mary Shelley s classic gothic novel Frankenstein is very representative of the functional importance of gothic literature to humanity. Gothic literature can be viewed as the dark side of the human soul, as good usually triumphs over evil in storytelling; gothic literature is the releaseRead MoreThe Period Called Romanticism: Representations of Terror in Literature2051 Words   |  9 Pagesterror reaction . In the human history, fear is a distressing negative emotion, which has been playing a very important role in the personal and social life, through the centuries and becoming a substantial part of the psychological background of the man. The emotion of fear is not a stranger to the majority of people and it would not be an exaggeration to say that every person is afraid of something. As H.P. Lovecraft stated â€Å"The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongestRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pagessuperior, enduring Gothic texts definitely reflect political ideal and contemporaneous social features which touched the vast majority of people. This is especially apparent if one traces the maturation of the form from Walpole (1764) to Mary Shelley (1818) and Maturin (1820). (For example William Godwins Caleb Williams (1794)had an overt political message intended to expose the inadequacy of Things as they are). During the development of the Gothic the motifs become less

Adolescent´s Drug Abuse on the Rise - 737 Words

2. There are over 11 million adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12-25 that abuse and use drugs in the U.S. 90 % of these need treatment and are unable to get the help they need. Drug use is highest among individuals in their late teens. In the U.S, there are approximately 60.6% of youths that are dependent, or abuse drugs.In the U.S. alone, the related public health, social services, public safety, and lost of productivity cost society $465 billion a year (NSDUA, 2009). The damage that addiction inflicts on adolescents, compels the schools, the family, and the nation to try and save our teens. Drug abuse can be defines as the use of any chemical substance that causes physical, mental, emotional, or social harm to an individual or to those close to him. It is often said that it takes a village to raise a child. This could not be truer than in the case adolescent drug abuse. The statistics of alcohol and drug abuse among our teens are devastating. Understanding the dise ase of addiction, the effects it has on the individual, the family and community, education, awareness, and prevention and intervention, along with knowledge of community resources can help to greatly impact the future of our teens. TO LONG OF SENTENCE., REWORD, OR CHANGE PUNCTUATION Teens are said to start using drugs for four main reasons. They tend to use drugs to (1) improve their mood; (2) to receive social rewards; (3) to self-medicate; and (4) to avoid socialShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Drug Abuse1306 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Drug Abuse I.) Introduction: Crack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner city to the suburbs to small towns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When a little harmless experimentation becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and clinicians are often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough (Nowinski, inside cover). Today s society provides many challenges for adolescents that ourRead MoreNotes On Adolescence And Substance Use Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesstage just before adulthood. Risky behaviors can include drug or alcohol use or abuse (Broderick Blewitt, 2015). This paper will examine the relationship between adolescences and alcohol use, and the effect that alcohol have on the developing brain. As well as, how a healthy spiritual development can effect substance use in adolescences. In addition, it will discuss the issue of local drug or alcohol use, and examine the presence of drugs or alcohol within the community. Finally, it will examineRead MoreEssay on Preventing Addiction1567 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction, addict, addicted, and addicting, are all words that are socially frowned upon. Yet adolescent addiction is on the rise, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, prescription drug use in particular is on the rise. On the other hand, use of cigarette smokin g, alcohol use, and hallucinogens have decreased, but marijuana use has remained the same. Most addiction starts at the adolescent age when teens are trying to find themselves, and find relief from the social problems they encounterRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Consumption On The Uk1630 Words   |  7 Pageshaving moderate and heavy drinking as seen in Plant and Plant s (2006) analysis of trends in alcohol consumption. It is also notable that most concerns about levels of alcohol consumption is directed particularly towards young people which most consider to be a link to crime and anti-social behaviour. As a result, there is no denying that a stigma has been attached to young people and alcohol. In the UK, general consumption is on a rise. Data from the British Beer and Pub Association (2006) indicateRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers : A Survey1201 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers Hannah is a fifteen year old girl who was recently sent to a rehabilitation center for the result of abuse of prescription medication. 6.1 million high school students currently use addictive substances, and like Hannah, 1 in 3 of them are addicted (â€Å"National Study Reveals,†2011). Although the number of teens using these drugs are decreasing, the numbers are still dangerously high. Due to it’s high risk of addiction, dangerous consequences, and growing availabilityRead MoreAdolescence And Its Effects On Adult Behavior Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesfor living independently in adulthood. Adolescents begin to emulate adult behaviors and seek novelty, with an inhibited regard for danger, as they accumulate the skills needed to provide for themselves. (Spear, 2000) There are several characteristics of adolescence that seem to make an individual more prone to experimenting with addictive drug use, to his or her potential detriment. These include: an increase in taking species-specific risks, an overall rise in novelty seeking, and a particularlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On Adolescent Development1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Addiction on Adolescent Development Adolescence is a time where adolescents grow and mature at a rapid rate. It is also a time where adolescents are more vulnerable to taking risks, such as using and becoming addicted to illegal substances, due to raging hormones. Whether or not an adolescent chooses to engage in drug use and abuse depends on their home environment and those they choose to associate themselves with. Adolescents are confronted with an enormous amount of pressure toRead MorePrescription Drug Use And Drug Abuse1691 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription drug abuse is an ongoing problem in rural teens. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health suggests that 13% of teens between the ages of 12-17 have experimented with nonmedical prescription drugs at some point in their lives. Researchers have identified several factors linked with nonmedical prescription drug use such as their school enrollment status, history of depression, and a two parent household presence (Gever, 2010). Nonmedical prescription drug abuse has been the rise, in smallRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction Among Teenagers1704 Words   |  7 PagesStudies have shown that prescription drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is on a steady incline. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than as prescribed, of for the experience or feelings elicited.† This is a pervasive problem that is in fact consuming the lives of many teens, primarily because prescription drugs are easily accessible in their environment. There are several interpersonalRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate the absurdity of the drug abuse problems in the United States, it should be brought to light that the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use Health estimated that â€Å"27 million people aged 12 or older have used an illicit drug in the past 30 days† (Hedden, Kennet, Lipari, Medley, Tice, 2015). As gun violence has become a popular topic in America over the past few years due to its’ related deaths, many Americans’ fail to realize that more people are dying from drug overdose than by weapon. In today’s

Criminal Law Free Essays

Mens Rea refers to the guilty mind required for criminal liability. Intention and recklessness are the two forms of Mens Rea that are part of most offences and have been the subject of judicial scrutiny. There is a vast volume of case law on intention and recklessness which demonstrates the problems that courts have had in perfecting an appropriate definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mens Rea is concerned with the defendants state of mind at the time of the Actus Reus. It is difficult to prove what was in someones mind which partially explains why the courts struggle with these words. Intention is the most culpable form of mens Rea. This is because it is more blameworthy to cause harm deliberately (intention) than it is to do so carelessly (recklessness). Therefore intention is used in more serious offences. Murder requires intention to kill or cause GBH which sets it apart from other, less capable, forms of homicide. There is normally no need for an elaborate definition of intention in order to decide whether an Actus Reus was intended. A few exceptional situations may present difficulty , but usually the analysis will be intuitively obvious. â€Å"The general legal opinion is that ‘intention’ cannot be satisfactorily defined and does not need a definition, since everybody knows what it means†. Lord Bridge in R v Moloney [1985] AC 905, 926 states that â€Å"the golden rule should be that the judge should avoid any elaboration paraphrase of what is meant by intent, and leave it to the jury’s good sense to decide whether the accused acted with the necessary intent†. This is where the first form of intention, direct intention, falls under. Direct intention corresponds with the everyday meaning of intention. A person who has causing death as his aim, purpose or goal has direct intention to kill. It was defined in Mohan [1976] as ‘a decision to bring about the commission of an offence, no matter whether the defendant desired the consequences of his act or not. Some cases are difficult which means that we do sometimes need guidelines about what intention means. The legal territory of intention comprises two alternative categories. D may be found to have intended the Actus Reus if I) D intended the Actus Reus in the ordinary, core sense of â€Å"intention†; or ii) D recognised that the Actus Reus was a virtually certain consequence of his actions. The first case, is the standard or core variety and largely reflects the ordinary language meaning of â€Å"intention†. In this paradigm case, D tries to bring about the relevant outcome. For whatever reason, he wants or needs to bring about that outcome, and that is why he acts as he does. By contrast, in the virtual certainty case, (ii), D does not act in order to bring about the intended outcome. He acts for other reasons. However he knows that the Actus Reus is a virtually certain consequence of his actions. Though that is not what he is trying to bring about, it is a practically inevitable concomitant. In very rare or exceptional cases, the result might not be D’s aim or purpose. In such cases, D still might legally intend the result and so further direction to the jury is needed. This is where the second form of intention comes in, indirect/oblique intention. Glanville Williams (1987) described oblique intention as something you see clearly but out the corner of your eye, a side effect that you accept as an inevitable or ‘certain’ accompaniment of your direct intent. To be able to understand oblique intention in more depth, it is important to look at the progression of the case law that aided the development of indirect intention. Moloney in the House of Lords: used ‘natural consequences ‘ to describe something that necessarily followed the defendant’s pursuit of his primary purpose. This was ambiguous as natural consequences need not be inevitable: pregnancy is a natural consequence of intercourse but it is by no means inevitable. Hancock and Shankland then addressed this ambiguity, stating that reference should be made to the degree of probability that the prohibited outcome would result from the defendant achieving his primary purpose. Their reasoning was such that, the greater the probability of the consequence, the more likely it was that the result was foreseen, then the higher the level of foreseeability of the result and the more likely it was that the result was intended. Moloney, Hancock and Shankland conflicted in their formulation of an appropriate test of oblique intention. Nedrick in the court of Appeal addressed the conflict and formulated the virtual certainty test which conveyed inevitability (Moloney) and foreseeability (Hancock and Shankland). As Nedrick lacked the authoritative status of a House of Lords decision, subsequent case law eroded the narrow virtual certainty test. In R v Woolin [1999] the defendant threw his baby in exasperation when it would not stop crying. The baby died from head injuries. It was accepted that the defendant did not intend to cause harm to the child. His conviction for murder was upheld by the court of Appeal on the basis that it was not a misdirection to explain oblique intention to the jury in terms of ‘appreciation of a substantial risk of injury’. His appeal was allowed by the House of Lords. Ultimately, the Court of Appeal in Woolin accepted a test based upon ‘substantial risk’ which created a dangerous overlap with recklessness (therefore blurring the line between murder and manslaughter). However, in R v Matthews and Alleyne ([2003] EWCA Crim 192, [2003] 2 Cr App R 30) the defendants appealed against their conviction for murder following the death of a young man (a non-swimmer) whom they had (having burgled) thrown from a bridge into a river. The Court of Appeal affirmed the conviction, which it did not consider unsafe in the light of the evidence, but expressed concern that the Nedrick/Woolin evidential rule should not be treated as if it were a rule of law. A defendant’s foresight of virtually certain death does not automatically require the jury to find that he intended that result: it is merely (albeit often very strong evidence) from which the jury may infer intent. In conclusion, it seems that when looking at oblique intention, there can be some confusion in the courts, however in my opinion, after some progression in this area following the cases of Woolin (1999) and Matthews (2003) the law of intention is satisfactorily defined in the criminal law. How to cite Criminal Law, Papers Criminal Law Free Essays Criminal law addresses the government’s prosecution of individuals who have committed an act classified as a crime. Federal, state, and local governments categorize crime and prosecute criminals. This is the nature and purpose of law. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without laws, people wouldn’t know what to do. The rule of law is the belief that an orderly society must be governed by established principles (laws) and applied fairly to all of its members (basically stating that no one is above the law). For example, if the President decided that he wanted to rob a bank, he would be punished just like everyone else. There are five types of law: criminal law, civil law, administrative law, case law, and procedural law. Civil law is the branch of modern law that governs relationships between parties. Procedural law is the part of the law that specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law. Administrative law is the body of regulations that governments create to control the activities of industry, business, and people. Case law is a legal principle that ensures that previous judicial decisions are authoritatively considered and incorporated into future cases. General categories of crime include: felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, treason and espionage, and inchoate offenses. Felonies are serious crimes (murder, rape, robbery, etc. ) they are punishable by death or by being imprisoned for at least a year. Misdemeanors are minor crimes like petty theft (theft of items of little value), simple assault, etc. They are punishable by a year in prison or less, or by a fine or community service. Offenses (also known as infractions) are less serious than misdemeanors like jaywalking, littering, not putting on a seatbelt, etc. They are punishable by a fine. Treason is a U. S. citizen’s actions to help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the U. S. Espionage, similar to treason is an offense that can be committed by noncitizens to help injure the U. S. An inchoate offense is an offense not yet completed (for example, conspiracy). When a person is charged with a crime, they usually offer a defense. A defense is evidence or arguments from the accused about why they should not be charged with a crime. There are four categories of defense: 1) alibi, 2) ustifications, 3) excuses, and 4) procedural defenses. An alibi (if it can be verified) shows that the person couldn’t have done the crime because they were somewhere else or with someone else at that time. A justification (like self-defense) means the person admitted to the crime but said it was necessary to prevent something worse from happening. When the accused person offers an excuse, they’re saying that some personal condition (like being drunk) or circumstance (like just being fired) at the time influenced them, and they shouldn’t be punished. Procedural defense claims that the accused was discriminated against in the justice process or some important procedure was not properly followed in the investigation or prosecution of the crime charged. There is also a cultural defense which is a defense in which the defendant’s culture is taken into account in judging his or her culpability. Courts rarely allow this defense, but exceptions are made when groups are able to argue that their religious and cultural rights have been violated. The M’ Naghten rule (a rule for determining insanity) says that a person is not guilty of a crime if at the time of the crime the person didn’t know what they were doing or that what they were doing was wrong. Guilty but mentally ill is a verdict that states that a person can be held responsible for a criminal act even though a degree of mental illness is present. A judge can impose any sentence possible for the crime. Usually mandated psychiatric treatment is part of the sentence. Once cured, the defendant is put in general population to serve any remaining sentence. Temporary insanity is another defense. It means that the accused person claims to have only been insane at the time of the crime. If the jury agrees, the accused can go free. There are consequences to an insanity ruling however; the judge may order the defendant to undergo psychiatric treatment until cured. Since most psychiatrists are reluctant to let patients out, the defendant might stay there longer than they would’ve been in prison. Diminished capacity is a defense meaning the defendant may have a significantly impaired ability to understand the wrongfulness of the crime and to use reason or control behavior that the defendant knows is wrong. Incompetent to stand trial means as a result of mental illness, defect, or disability, the defendant cannot understand the nature of the charges and proceedings against him or her, of consulting with an attorney, and with aiding in his or her own defense. There are seven types of procedural defenses: entrapment, double jeopardy, collateral estoppel, selective prosecution, denial of a speedy trial, prosecutorial misconduct, and police fraud. Entrapment is an improper or illegal inducement to crime by enforcement agents. Double jeopardy is a common law stating a defendant cannot be tried twice for the same crime. You can read also King v Cogdon Collateral estoppel is like double jeopardy but it applies to facts that have been determined by a valid and final judgment. Selective prosecution is based on the 14th amendment’s guarantee of â€Å"equal protection of the laws. † Denial of a speedy trial is pretty much self-explanatory. Prosecutorial misconduct describes actions taken by prosecutors that give the government an unfair advantage or that prejudice the rights of a defendant or witness. When they knowingly permit false testimony or hide information that would help the defense, is prosecutorial misconduct. Police fraud suggests that evidence against a defendant had been made or planted by a police officer because of a general dislike for the defendant. All crimes are said to share certain features that, taken together make up the essence of crime: the criminal act (or actus reus), a culpable mental state (or mens rea), and a concurrence of the two. There are also five additional principles that allow us to really understand crime: 1) causation, 2) a resulting harm, 3) the principle of legality, 4) the principle of punishment, and 5) necessary attendant circumstances. All of this makes up criminal law as we know it today. How to cite Criminal Law, Papers

Motivational Theories-Click to Get Free Sample Solution

Question: Assessment Tasks: Employees who are adequately motivated to perform will be more productive, more engaged and feel more invested in their work. When employees feel these things, it helps them, and therefore their managers, be more successful. It is a managers job to motivate employees to do their jobs well! Lawrie Mullins. It is a widely accepted notion that motivation is a primary driver of behavior. Human motivation theory describes motivation as effectively laden anticipations of desired situations that guide human behaviours toward these situations. McClelland, 1985. There are a number of key motivational theorists (as discussed in lectures). You are required to prepare a report for submission in week 8. The report should include the following factors:1. A discussion of four motivational theorists of your choice. 2. An assessment of the techniques used to implement each of these theories to a real life organization of your choice. 3. Demonstrate and determine the effectiveness o f the implementation of these theories at these organizations.(this could include the implementation of any of the elements below: Discuss the degree to which the company has managed to achieve set targeted outcomes through the implementation of the motivational theory. The degree to which the company has improved its business performance in terms of market share, sales volume, profitability, customer satisfaction. The increase of employee satisfaction. The decrease of employee turnover.4. Prepare a range of recommendations as to how the implementation of these techniques could be improved in the future at your chosen organization. Answers: Introduction Motivation is the process which leads, instigates and helps to uphold behaviors for achieving a particular goal. Motivation involves the cognitive, social, biological and emotional forces that make a person to behave in a positive manner. Today motivation has become an integral part of every human being due to increasing challenges and stress that affects the heath of a person. Every organization needs to motivate their employees.. The study focuses on four theories of motivation and their pragmatic application in organizations. It would depict that how motivation in a company helps their employees to be more productive in their performance thus contributing to the successful operation of a company. There are thirty-eight theories in motivation that helps us to understand how motivation works and to what extent they help in increasing the productivity. 1. Four Motivational Theories: Herzberg (1984) This theory is also known as two factor theory proposed by Fredrick Herzberg a renowned psychologist. He interacted with employees of an organization in order to know the level of satisfaction and through their responses he proposed the Hygiene theory (Hughes, Kapoor and Pride, 2013). In his research he found that certain features of a job are related consistently to the satisfaction of a job. There are various factors that contribute to the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of a job. They are as shown in the table below:- Table 1.1: Hygiene factors. Factors determining satisfaction Factors determining dissatisfaction Responsibility Relationship with peers and supervisors The nature of work Condition in workplace growth status achievement security Recognition salary Advancement Company policies These two factors are the motivating and demotivating factors that the management should keep in mind so as to increase the efficiency level. But there are certain advantages and disadvantages of this theory. Advantages: The advantage of this theory is that it provides a clear vision of the reasons of dissatisfaction and satisfaction of employees. With the help of this theory a company can make effort for motivating their employees like trying to establish a good relationship among every member of the organization (Dessler and Varkkey, 2011). Disadvantages: There are certain limitations to this theory they are: The theory tends to overlook variables which are situational. The research stressed on satisfaction more than productivity. The raters of this theory can spoil the research by analyzing same answers in a different method. Sometimes too much of responsibility turns out to be stressful so it may lead to job dissatisfaction. This theory is more of an abstract and bias view it does not clearly define what negative outcomes it may have due to job dissatisfaction. Taylor (1911): The theory proposed by Taylor had a simple idea about how much people are motivate din their work and the money they receive. This theory is also known as theory of scientific management. There were basically three assumptions: Humans are economic rational who tries to maximize their economic gain. People respond individually Human can be treated in standardized fashion. The implications of the theory for the behavior at work were: Linked to output, high wages are main form of motivation The function of a manager is to instruct employees about their job Workers should do according to the instructions Through this theory Taylor explained the fact that one who delivers more than expected target should be paid more than one who delivers less than expected target. This theory also has its advantages and disadvantages, they are: The advantage is that with a temptation of higher wage worker would get a self-instigation for working hard and increase their work within time. A good salary provides the basic necessity along with extra benefits so it depends upon the choice of the employees. This form of motivation is not a forceful action by the organization it depends on the willingness of the workers (Schermerhorn, 2010). Disadvantages: This theory encourages unethical practices and many other forms of mismanagement. They are: Labor exploitation Problem of unity of command where the worker has to report to one boss and cannot consult others or other boss wont be able to interfere. This approach was more mechanical based and did not focus on the marginal productivity of labor. This theory is made on individual basis but as a whole it is not effective. This theory highlights the division from planning to doing, but in reality they cannot be separated. Maslow (1943) This theory proposed by Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs which states that people tends to meet their basic requirements and tends to move upward following the pyramid of basic needs. It can be explained with the help of the pyramid: Figure 1: Maslows hierarchy model Self-actualization: this includes problem solving, morality and creativity. Esteem: this includes respect, self-esteem, confidence and achievement. Belongings: it comprises of intimacy, love, family and friendship. Safety: It includes security related to resources, health, property, employment and environment. Physiological: this factor comprises of food, water, sleep, shelter, air without which humans cannot survive. Advantages of the theory: This theory gives an overview of the human needs which can be used for understanding the employees wants and needs. If the basic needs are not satisfied one cannot go to the higher needs of the employees. This also helps to understand the requirement of the employee on where he stands (Liem, McInerney and Walker, 2011). Disadvantages of the theory: The theory lacks the extrinsic needs of the individuals. It becomes difficult to identify the need level for the management. The theory is not supported on empirical basis because of certain inconsistencies. The basic needs may not require for satisfaction in order to acknowledge the hierarchys higher needs. Mayo (1933) What Elton Mayo proposed in his theory is that there were basically three factor that motivates an employee, they are: The conditions of work. The workers skills The incentives provided in their work. This theory also examined the workers social needs. He instilled on the fact that pay is not the only motivational factor for an employee (Lussier, 2011). He emphasized on the fact that the social needs should also be considered for the workers and workers should be given care. Mayo conducted a series of experiments inside the factory of Hawthorne where he isolated two groups of female workers and observed the effect on the levels of productivity of factors which are changing like working conditions (Reviews, 2014). Through his experiment he found that Workers get motivated through better communication, especially between employees and managers. With greater extent of involvement of the managers workers positively responded on their level of attention. Workers also got motivated while working in a unified form. In a group they were more involved than at individual tasks. Advantages: Clear identification of the workers concern. In a long term basis and sustainable basis it helps in solving the issued related to productivity if it is conducted accurately and properly. The working situation assessment is operated consistently that helps the management to carry out envisioning of long term. Disadvantages: The theory makes it difficult to comprehend the significant working environment characteristics because some are intrinsic like dynamics of the organization. The relation of the factors is not clearly stated. Apart from communication, teamwork and management attention other factors like the management structure, work culture and work environment also motivates the workers. The theory does not highlight on the productivity at individual basis. 2. Assessment of Hertzberg theory in Herzberg theory in Melbourne IT company. Melbourne IT Company is one of the leading companies charted in the top ranks of Security exchange of Australia (Melbourneit.info, 2015). The major services of this company are web hosting VPS web design and email hosting. Their employees are highly qualified and follow a daily disciplinary routine for their work (Sutton, 2014). The value of Melbourne IT is their Behaviors which administers the way their employees behave to guarantee success for their customers and their company (McFarlin and Sweeney, 2012). Techniques implemented: A group of thirty people were asked questions based on their motivational and engagement level in the company and the procedure was divided into two. Interview and survey basis: The interviews were done on a personal basis on the managers and the employees so as to understand the degree of motivation they have or they receives. Not all the employees and managers could provide sufficient time for interview so the technique of collecting information was divided on interview basis and survey basis. Five managers were interviewed and twenty-five employees were surveyed. Aim of the research: To review the role of promotional motivation like appraisal or appreciation in the company. To understand the demotivating factor of condition of workplace To understand how company policies are motivating or demotivating to their employees. Findings: The findings were analysed on Liker scale basis: Table 1.2: the survey results out of 30 people. Question Strongly disagree disagree Neutral agree Strongly agree The appraisals are motivating 8 5 3 10 4 The relationship between colleagues are good - - 5 10 15 The company policies are demotivating 10 2 9 3 6 Supervisors are motivating 6 - 10 4 10 The job itself is motivating 6 2 - 12 10 The pay scale is satisfactory? 9 10 1 3 7 Findings: The Herzberg theory applied here were found that, The appraisal policies or the recognition criteria of the employees were found to be a factor of dissatisfaction rather than satisfaction. The relationship with peers and subordinates were satisfactory The policies of the company is not a factor of demotivation because the policies were not restricted to a great extent, rather it provided a better work environment. The job itself does is not giving a sense of satisfaction to the employees The salary offered is not satisfactory. Presently the company has improved its motivational factors in which the performance of the company has contributed in the increase of its share. In order to motivate their employees the company has made the training and development budget equally availed to all the employees. They have aimed to remunerate their members responsibly and fairly with increasing their fixed salary (Nelson and Quick, 2012). After applying the motivational factors in change in management and salary the employees turned out to be more productive and finally it achieved to be the leading company in the ASX largest share. This has not only resulted in increased employee satisfaction but also a decrease of employee turnover by creative employee benefits (Kim, 2013). 3. Application of Taylors motivational theory in David Jones: The David Jones is an early operating departmental stores also known as DJs, in majority states of Australia, it has around 39 stores. According to the motivational theory of Taylor, David Jones pays their employees on hourly basis for their part-time and full time employees. David Jones is currently David Jones pay 12% above the market (Limited, 2015). The incentive scheme is also attractive because it is directly linked to team and individual performance of the employees. thus they have flexible salaries. As a result of this strategy many employees are opting to do their job in this company. The customer satisfaction of service has also increased which turned out to have a total net profit of around A$1.85 billion during 2013. Theory 3: Maslow hierarchy model and Woolworth limited: It is a leading retail company operating in New Zealand and Australia. It is also one of the largest food retail stores in Australia. Maslows theory stated the hierarchy of needs of an employee according to their needs (Lee, Yong-Seung, 2010). In this concept Woolworth has considered the employee motivational factors and provided certain benefits which contribute to their success. But the Woolworths limited had provided employee benefits like: Association of employees, this serves to the belong needs of an employee. Discount card for staffs comes under the extra benefits. Purchase plan of shares for their employees is a kind of job security. Leave for parental purpose also comes under belonging needs that the company has taken care of. Employee assistance program is a self esteem need satisfying criteria Reward and recognition is also a self esteem need it also comes under self actualization needs of employees. Long term incentives this is a safety need that the employees get. These factors motivate the employees for better productivity especially the plan of long term incentive. Employee satisfaction: The employees productivity is not only of a good quality but also is very innovative. According to Woolworth sustainability also means keeping the priority of employees. Around 50,000 people are located in rural regions which show the work diversity amongst them. The sales have increased from 3.9 percent to 5.9 percent in 2014 (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2015). The company also won back to back awards for customer satisfaction in 2013 (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2015). This has also led to a decrease in the employee turnover in the following year. Following Taylors theory the incentive planning would have been the sole factor for employee motivation but in reality there are multiple factor that made Woolworth limited a good example for work motivational practices (Zoogah, 2013). Theory 4: Mayo and Myers: Elton Mayo proposed that employees get motivated through Better communication, team work and employers involvement. This theory is applied in Myer an Australian department chain of stores. The number of employees involved is more than nineteen thousand and the customer service has been one of the important features of Myers (Nasser and Saadeh, 2013). Myer believes in team work and understands the importance of communication in organizational hierarchy and the management also guides their employees which establishes the example of a good leadership practice. Not only communication is considered important inside the organization but the communication with customers is also an integral part of the organization. Myer assures its employees, A smooth running of operational communication between the employer and employees and also in between employees. They emphasizes on team work and development and training needs. They had maintained an informal relationship in between the hierarchy of the organization. The leadership style followed here is democratic and so workers get enough scope to take guidance from their managers. The employee satisfaction level is high and it can be seen from the low turnover ratio of MYER. Apart from that Myers has got some loyal customers which stated the level of customer satisfaction also. Presently the company=y is earning a revenue of A$3.14 billion. 4. Recommendations: The four companies though have good motivational effects on their employees following the theories of motivation yet some companies need to provide extra benefits except from that of their salaries. Motivation is of course a factor of increasing the productivity of workers we have already understood that motivation is not necessarily verbal motivation. There are certain recommendations that need to be inserted by these companies, they are: The companies need to provide satisfaction in terms of break, none of the theorists has suggested the importance of having a break from work. The companies should not focus only on providing incentives because after a certain time if an employee fails to earn his incentive it then he feels demotivated. The basic needs definitely need to be emphasized on but they are not applicable in this generation of high Pay scale. Now the standard of life has increased. Conclusion: The theories discussed in this study are based on the twentieth century and the work condition differs from that of todays work condition. Even the competition between companies has also increased. So it has become a compulsory factor that employees need to be productive as well as efficient. Motivation is what controls maintain and energizes behavior. So far it is clear why motivation plays a vital role in the workplace. But measuring empirically the role is is challenging in order to capture an individual's drive in metrics of quantitative so as to determine the amount to which elevated motivation is accountable for higherproductivity. References 1. Dessler, G. (2010). Dessler.. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.2. Dessler, G. and Varkkey, B. (2011). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Pearson.3. French, R. and Schermerhorn, J. (2008). Organizational behaviour. Chichester: John Wiley Sons.4. Hughes, R., Kapoor, J. and Pride, W. (2013). Business foundations. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.5. Jansen, A. and Samuel, M. (2014). Achievement of Organisational Goals and Motivation of Middle Level Managers within the Context of the Two-Factor Theory. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences.6. Kim, M. (2013). Handbook of Moral Motivation: Theories, Models, Applications. AJTE, 39(1).7. Lee, Yong-Seung, (2010). Theories of Motivation in Psychoanalysis.  , null(36), pp.153-177.8. Liem, G., McInerney, D. and Walker, R. (2011). Sociocultural theories of learning and motivation. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.9. Limited, D. (2015). David Jones Limited Employer Wages, Hourly Wage Rate | PayScale Australia. [online] Payscale.com. Available at: https://www.payscale.com/research/AU/Employer=David_Jones_Limited/Hourly_Rate [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015].10. Lussier, P. (2011). Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development. 5th ed. CENGAGE Learning Custom Publishing, p.581.11. McFarlin, D. and Sweeney, P. (2012). International organizational behavior. London: Routledge.12. Melbourneit.info, (2015). Melbourne IT - Company Overview. [online] Available at: https://melbourneit.info/about-us/company-overview [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015].13. Moore, R. and Johnston, R. (2013). Motivational Incentives Improve Unfamiliar Face Matching Accuracy. Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 27(6), pp.754-760.14. Nasser, R. and Saadeh, B. (2013). Motivation for Achievement and Structural Workplace Empowerment among Palestinian Healthcare Professionals. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 12(5-6), pp.543-560.15. Nelson, D. and Quick, J. (2012). Organizational behavior. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.16. Reviews, C. (2014). Studyguide for m anagement fundamentals. [S.l.]: Academic Internet Publish.17. Schermerhorn, J. (2010). Management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley.18. Sutton, A. (2014). work psychology in action. Palgrave Macmillan, p.260.19. Woolworthslimited.com.au, (2014). Home Timber Hardware back-to-back winners of customer satisfaction award - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/The_Newsroom/Latest_News/Home_Timber__Hardware_back_-to-back_winners_of_customer_satisfaction_award/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015].20. Woolworthslimited.com.au, (2015). Chairmans Report. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/annualreport/2014/chairmans-report.html [Accessed 26 Mar. 2015].21. Zoogah, D. (2013). Career Motivation, Mentoring Readiness, and Participation in Workplace Mentoring Programs: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of African Business, 14(1), pp.19-32.

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Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid essays

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid essays Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were two notorious robbers during the late 1800s and early 1900s. They have been rumored to be the most famous and successful bank robbers in history because of their long run with The Wild Bunch in the 1880s and 1890s. The one thing that probably makes them as famous and as legendary as they are, is the fact that no one knows whether or not they died when the history books say they did. It has been rumored that they were killed in Bolivia in 1909. Butch Cassidy was born as Robert Leroy Parker in 1866. His parents had decided that they would settle in Mormon country in Utah. He was described as very restless and had a very acquisitive nature to himself while he was growing up. Once he was a teenager, he met a cowboy rustler name Mike Cassidy. Cassidy, who later was the inspiration for his name, had taught him how to shoot, ride, and rope over the course of a few years to prepare him for his future. When Robert was old enough, he traveled to Telluride, Colorado with Cassidy. While he was there, Butch met the bank-robbing duo of Tom McCarty and Matt Warner. Butch seemed to fit in very well with the two of them and then later had taken part in numerous bank robberies in Denver and Telluride, and also a aborted train robbery in 1887. When he first started his life of crime, he went under the name of George Cassidy, he gathered a small reputation under this name before he adopted the name Butch from his profession at the time. Butch had been working as a butcher at a meat shop in Rock Springs, Wyoming. He liked the way the alias Butch Cassidy sounded so he replaced George with it. This new name then stayed with him for the rest of his life. A few years later, Butch became part of an outlaw strong hold of BROWNs Hole, a rugged mountain camp at the Green River bordering Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. He met many new people t...

Civil Rights and Black Power Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Civil Rights and Black Power Movements - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that as the movement was aimed at using peaceful means to achieve its goals, it started its activities by influencing churches to preach equality though this faced a lot of opposition from the police as churches were expected to put emphasis on spiritual matters. The movement also believed that for the blacks to acquire equal rights with their white counterparts they had to be aware of their civil rights. This caused them to start state citizenship schools in 1954 that majored in teaching adults to enable them to pass literacy tests though they secretly offered democracy and civil rights classes against the law.As the discussion highlights unlike the SCLC, which believed in peace, the Black Panther Party founded in 1966 by Boy Scale (served as chairman) and Huey Newton believed in the use of military power by the minority against the government to earn freedom against segregation. Though both movements had an aim of gaining freedom against Negro segregatio n, BPM appeared to be more radical in their quest for freedom. Most of the protests involving BPM always turned out violent as the members believed in violence as a means of acquiring freedom. Important to note, however, unlike the SCLC, which was led by older church ministers and political activists like Martin Luther, most of the BPP leaders were in their early twenties and others even below twenty years, for example, Bobby Hutton, who was only seventeen years old.

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown Research Paper

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown - Research Paper Example Moreover, since this otherwise gruesome celebration is held every year, then it must be something which the people have already considered a part of their lives. As Mr. Martin and his son Baxter â€Å"held the black box securely on the stool,† one can see how much they value this evil tradition as they securely guard it. Furthermore, the fact that both father and son, and parents and their children draw lots from the black box speaks of how much they want to pass this evil tradition on to future generations (Jackson). Every evil man’s legacy is therefore the evil that he willingly and proudly passes on to his children and descendants. The second symbol of evil is â€Å"the smoothest and roundest stones† that the people and children have chosen (Jackson). The stones which the children have begun choosing at the beginning of the day of the celebration represent the unjust hurt and punishment that innocent people experience and suffer from because of the senseless and brutal tradition that people pass on to their children. In fact, the idea that everyone in the village in Jackson’s story participates in stoning someone to death is a proof that evil exists in all people without any exception. This illustrates the brutality of the society in which human beings live. Moreover, the old people are the ones to blame for the perpetuation of all evil. Old Man Warner, as the oldest in town, is believed to have cast the first stone because he believes that the villagers trust him for his age and wisdom. Old Man Warner represents all aging and aged people on earth who are consumed by evil and who believe that the youth must be just as evil as they are. They are actually the same people who do not think that this world will ever rise from the quagmire of evil that is slowly swallowing it. Another symbol is Mr. Adams, who figuratively stands as the representative of

Correlation Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Correlation Discussion - Essay Example Fisher’s z-Transformation (Zr) is another method which enables a skewed sampling distribution to be transformed into a normal distribution scheme. In particular, this may be applied when the value of r (Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient) deviates from zero, in which case, the sampling distribution becomes skewed progressively and Fisher’s z-transformation may resolve to normalize this condition. Though the mean and variance do not follow a common transformation, functions pertaining to cumulative distribution and probability density can still be determined statistically via such method. The following graph demonstrates how ‘zr’ varies with ‘r’.Evaluation of Pearson ‘r’, on the other hand, may indicate the correlation between two variables based on tests to figure whether the ‘r' varies from -1 to +1, with 0 in reference to the absence of relationship and 1 for the perfect relationship. Test reports with this method incorporate critical one-tailed and two-tailed ‘r’, Fisher z-transformation, t-statistic, and population correlation figures.Calculating Spearman’s rank-order correlation non-parametric coefficient ‘Ï Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, likewise, formulates a nearly similar output as does measuring the Pearson’s ‘r’. It takes two numeric variables to carry out the method through which each variable is converted to ranks.  

An Examination Of Explosive Compaction Environmental Sciences Essay

An Examination Of Explosive Compaction Environmental Sciences Essay 1.0 Introduction Explosive compaction has been used in various projects throughout the world over the last 80 years. Explosive compaction involves placing a charge at depth in a borehole in loose soil (generally sands to silty sands or sands and gravels), and then detonating the charge. Several charges are fired at one time, with delays between each charge to enhance cyclic loading while minimizing peak acceleration. Often several charges will be stacked in one borehole with gravel stemming between each charge to prevent sympathetic detonation. Explosive compaction is attractive, as explosives are an inexpensive source of readily transported energy and allow densification with substantial savings over alternative methods. Only small-scale equipment is needed (e.g. geotechnical drill or wash boring rigs), minimizing mobilization costs and allowing work in confined conditions. Compaction can be carried out at depths beyond the reach of conventional ground treatment equipment. Most explosive compaction has been driven by concerns over liquefaction, and has been on loose soils below the water table (and to depths of nearly 50 m). (W. B. GOHL, 2000) However, compaction also increases ground stiffness and strength, and explosive compaction has wide application for general ground improvement . 1.1 Backgrounds on explosive compaction In 1936, explosive compaction was first used for the densification of a railway embankment at the Svirsk hydroelectric power project in the former Soviet Union (Ivanov, 1967). Ivanov notes that up to 44cm of settlement occurred as a result of 3 blasting coverage, but the blasting caused extensive cracking of the overlying unsaturated soils and was not considered successful. The first successful application of explosive compaction was performed in the late 1930s to dandify the foundation soils for the Franklin Falls dam in New Hampshire (Lyman, 1940). Soon following the work at Franklin Falls dam, the effectiveness of this technique was confirmed by its successful performance for compaction an hydraulic fill dike on the Cape Cod Canal and by several tests at the Dennison Dam in Texas and the Almond Dam in New York. These cases concluded that blast densification could be widely used for compaction loose cohesionless soils that are substantially saturated. In 1967, Ivanov presented a ma nual on explosive compaction which provides guidelines for the placement and sizing of the explosive charges used in compaction. However, in most explosive compaction projects several short columnar charges are placed in each blast hole, and neither set of available guidelines appears valid. More importantly, these guidelines present no method to estimate the impacts from the blasting or final soil properties achieved. (Mitchell, 1995) 2.0 Cohesionless soil Explosive Compaction is conducted by setting off explosive charges in the ground often applicable to cohesionless soil. The explosive energy will caused cyclic straining of the soil. This strain process, repeated over many cycles caused by the sequential detonation of explosives, induces a tendency for volumetric compaction of looser sub soils. It is thought that shearing strains are responsible for this volumetric compaction, particularly at distances more than a few meters from a blast hole. In saturated soils, the overburden pressures are thrown onto the pore fluid and excess pore pressures develop during blasting, which caused a shakedown settlement of the soil. If strain amplitudes and number of cycles of straining are sufficient, this will caused liquefaction of the soil mass (i.e. pore water pressures temporarily elevated to the effective vertical overburden stress in the soil mass so that a heavy fluid created). The reconsolidation of the soil mass caused by the dissipation of water pressures is time dependent, generally happens within hours to days. This depends on the permeability of the subsoils and drainage boundary conditions, and is reflected by release of large volumes of water at the ground surface. Immediate volume change can happen and is caused by passage of the blast-inducted shock front through the soil mass. 2.1 Disadvantage Issue associated with explosive compaction is it results in large amount of gas being released into the soil water system, in the form of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Release of carbon dioxide may lower the PH of the ground water and this may increase the ammonia level. Both nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide are both poisonous substance in the air and venting is necessary if blasting is carried within confined areas. Hence, the chemical make-up of a particular explosive and its by-product should be reviewed for every project in order to assess its suitability for use at a particular area. 2.2 Blast hole pattern The blast hole pattern generally use a staggered rectangular grid of boreholes at spacing of 4 to 9 metres. This pattern is used to provide a pattern of two or more phases within the treatment area. The initial phase will destroyed any bonds existing between the cohesionless soil particles. Subsequent passes cause additional settlement after pore pressure dissipation. Once the area has been shot and pore pressures have largely dissipated, repeated applications of blast sequences will cause additional settlement depending on soil density and stiffness. Bore holes are drilled over the full depth of soil deposit to be treated, and 75 to 100 millimetres diameter plastic casing is installed. The casing will support the loaded explosive at one or more levels within the boreholes, with each charge separated by gravel stemming. The stemming will reduce the back blast and encourage the crater effect. The number of holes detonated in any shot will depends on vibration control considerations an d the effect of liquefaction and settlement on adjacent slopes and structures. The advantage of using multiple blast phases is the increase of settlement and more uniform densification. This is because local soil loosening can occur immediately around a charge, subsequent passes of blasting from surrounding boreholes are designed to re-compact these initial loosened zones. Therefore at least two phases are usually recommended for explosive compaction. 2.3 Instrumentation The instruments used for an explosive compaction projects generally includes the following: Surface geophones to measure vibration response at critical location. Pore pressure transducers to measure residual pore pressures generated by blasting. Hydrophones installed in water-filled casings near blast zones used to identify charge detonations. Sondex tubes to measure settlements with depth in a soil profile after blasting. Ground surface settlement measurements Inclinometers where blasting is carried out near slopes to measure slope movement. In some projects, additional confirmation of explosive detonations is required, electronic coaxial cables are installed down the blast holes and used to measure firing times of explosive deck using high speed data acquisition systems. Alternatively, high speed filming of the firing of non-electric delays can also be employed to monitor charge detonations. Standard Penetration Testing (SPT), Becker Penetration Testing (BPT) or electronic Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) is commonly used to assess the improvement in soil density after explosive compaction. For sand and silt areas, CPT is considered to provide the most reliable and reproducible results. 3.0 Cohesive Soil Explosive Compaction has been a method used in past decades for the compaction of loose granular soil. However, the use of explosive compaction for cohesionless soil, such as clay, is rare. A new explosive method for replacing soft clay with crushed stones by blasting has been development by Yan and Chu[8], which is called explosive replacement method. Meanwhile, this method has been used in conjunction with a highway construction in China. 3.1 Outline of the method There are three main steps described by Yan and Chu [6] to achieve the replacement method, which are: The explosive replacement is set up as shown in fig1. The explosive charges are first installed in the soil layer, and then crushed stones are piled up next to it on the side of the site that has been improved. When the charges are detonated, the soft soil is blown out and cavities are formed. At the same time, the crushed stones collapse into the cavities. In this way, the cohesive soil is replaced with crushed stones in rapid manner. The soil that is blown into the air will form a liquid and flow away after it falls to the surface. The crushed stones after collapsing from a slope of 1V:3H or 1V:5H, as shown in fig1(b). The impact of the explosion also causes an instantaneous reduction in the shear strength of the soil below the level of explosion so that the crushed stones can sink into the soft clay layer. The stones help the soil at the bottom to consolidate, and the clay itself will also remain part of its original strength after explosion. The explosion also has a densification effect on the gravel layer below the clay layer. More crushed stones are backfilled to from a leveled ground and steeper slope, as shown in fig1(c). Fig 1.(a)Before explosion; (b) After explosion; (c) After backfill 3.2 Ground-probing radar(GPR) tests GPR test is used to detect the distribution of the crushed stones in the soft clay. The radar system transmits repetitive, short pulse electromagnetic waves into the ground from a broad bandwidth antenna. Some of the waves are reflected when they hit discontinuities in the subsurface, and some are absorbed or refracted by the materials that they come into contact with. The reflected waves are picked up by a receiver, and the elapsed time between wave transmission and reception is automatically recorded.[Koerner R.M. Construction and geotechnical methods in foundation engineering. McGraw-Hilll, New York,1984] 4.0 Explosive Compaction Design Explosive Compaction Design is based on empirically methods, which had been presented by Narin van Court and Mitchell (refer 1). Wu (refer 2) developed the explosive compaction design by using the finite element model. His model applies dynamic cavity expansion theory and assumes that a charge detonation may be idealized by assuming a blast pressure-time input applied normal to the surface of a spherical cavity. The charge weight per delay is proportional to the size of the spherical cavity, thus larger charge weight could result in larger cavity size and larger detonation effect. Wus model also considers the non-linear shear stress- strain response of the soil and rate dependent viscous damping. Parameters used in the Wu model are calibrated based on initial estimates of the relative densities of the granular soils and analysis of single and multiple-hole test blasts at a site. Cavity expansion theory indicates: a) multiple cycles of blasting will be more effective than single cycles; (b) the zone of influence of a given charge detonation increases as the size of the cavity increases (c) charge weight should be increased as the depth increases. (Refer 3 Gohl et al, 2000). The design of explosive compaction often begins with Hopkinsons number (HN) and Normalised Weight(NW) as: Where Q is the charge weight in kilogram and R is the effective Radius in plan (metre). However, due to the infinite combinations of charge weight with radius, a suitable HN can be difficult to select. Meanwhile, explosive compaction typically uses columnar charge and a good correlation of energy attenuation by the square root method is demonstrated, so this attenuation function is used in the following analyses, and the energy input attenuation is derived as: where Wi is the weight of individual charges around a point in the soil mass(g), and Rvi is the minimum vector distance from a charge to a point in the soil mass(m). The distance between charges can be estimated as: Where, to allow some overlapping, should be taken to be less than 2. In those equations, HN, NW and E are constants. However, for a given value of HN, NW or E, the above relationships may provide infinite combinations of charge weight with radius. Furthermore, it is difficult to select suitable values of HN, NW or E1 in practice. Based on blasting mechanics, a new set of equation has been derived by Yan and Chu (2004) [6], and the finally radium could be govern as follow : Where Pk is a pressure constant in Pascal, is the density of the explosive in kilogram per cubic metre, D is the velocity of the explosive in metre per second, Pa is the atmospheric pressure in Pascal, Qis the mass of the explosive,is the unit weight of soil in Newton per cubic metre and hc is the thickness of the soil above a cavity in meter. The distance between charges can be estimated as: Where, to allow some overlapping, should be taken to be less than 2. In addition, Gohl has developed an equation to approximate the charge effectiveness in a given soil type and it is derived based on the Hopkinsons Number and it is given as the following: Where e is the fraction of maximum achievable vertical strain and k is a site factor related to the soil properties and damping. From past project, k was found to be 81 to 143. 5.0 Conclusion Explosive compaction uses the energy released by completely contained detonations within the soil mass to rearrange the particles into a denser configuration. This technique offers several advantages over other soil improvement techniques. especially with regard to the cost, soil type, and depth effectively treated. Moreover, explosive compaction is an effective and predictable method for both cohesive and cohesionless soil. In which explosive replacement method for cohesive soil is newly developed. Although this compaction method has been used for decades, under a variety of site and environmental conditions, explosive compaction has not achieved general acceptance in civil engineering. Therefore, further development is encouraged and due to the physical testing restrains, possibly numerical simulation will develop in future.

The Architecture of Moshe Safde Essay -- Architecture

Moshe Safdie is an architect who really examines how a building can shape an area. Not only how the space may look but its functionality, impact on the environment, and impact on the surrounding community. He seeks to engage and enrich the communities making unique and inviting spaces to fit the needs of each project. (Safdie Architects) One of Safdie's most well known buildings is Habitat 67 (or Habitat). The concept of Habitat began in Safdie's master's thesis. He submitted the idea to the 1967 World Exhibition and, when it was accepted, established his own firm to help see its completion. (Safdie Architects) A series of carefully planned and stacked concrete blocks, Habitat seeks to create a space where every resident of the apartments would have access to natural lighting and a private garden area. It was the building that launched Safdie into a very successful career at a fairly young age (being 29 when it was built). The use of natural light and intimate spaces inside larger vessels have carried throughout all his work regardless of exterior design. (TED) Due to his Jewish heritage and early success, he established a second office in Jerusalem in order to help restore the city. (Sheets) In 1976, one of the projects he received was an extension of Yad Vashem Holocaust museum to be dedicated to the one and a half million children that died during the Holocaust. He felt there were already so many museums dedicated to information about the Holocaust that he wanted to take a different approach to this one. Instead of old clothing and drawings of the survivors, he proposed they tunnel into the hill to a cave below and using images such as photographs and a single candle to convey the heaviness of the loss of the children. T... ...ometimes I don't like the messages I see, pieces such as Serrano's Piss Christ conveys a message that a Jackson Pollack just doesn't. Pendulums can only swing so far before they come back. The art world, like everything, reflects this. It seems the reverse has already began in many ways though only the future will say for sure. Works Cited Arc Space. 1 August 2005. 1 June 2012 . Architect's Newspaper. 1 June 2012 . Safdie Architects. 31 May 2012 . Saieh, Nico. ArchDaily. 26 July 2010. 1 June 2012 . Sheets, Hilarie M. "Architectural Extrovert." ARTnews April 2011: 60-63. TED. March 2002. 31 May 2012 . The Architecture of Moshe Safde Essay -- Architecture Moshe Safdie is an architect who really examines how a building can shape an area. Not only how the space may look but its functionality, impact on the environment, and impact on the surrounding community. He seeks to engage and enrich the communities making unique and inviting spaces to fit the needs of each project. (Safdie Architects) One of Safdie's most well known buildings is Habitat 67 (or Habitat). The concept of Habitat began in Safdie's master's thesis. He submitted the idea to the 1967 World Exhibition and, when it was accepted, established his own firm to help see its completion. (Safdie Architects) A series of carefully planned and stacked concrete blocks, Habitat seeks to create a space where every resident of the apartments would have access to natural lighting and a private garden area. It was the building that launched Safdie into a very successful career at a fairly young age (being 29 when it was built). The use of natural light and intimate spaces inside larger vessels have carried throughout all his work regardless of exterior design. (TED) Due to his Jewish heritage and early success, he established a second office in Jerusalem in order to help restore the city. (Sheets) In 1976, one of the projects he received was an extension of Yad Vashem Holocaust museum to be dedicated to the one and a half million children that died during the Holocaust. He felt there were already so many museums dedicated to information about the Holocaust that he wanted to take a different approach to this one. Instead of old clothing and drawings of the survivors, he proposed they tunnel into the hill to a cave below and using images such as photographs and a single candle to convey the heaviness of the loss of the children. T... ...ometimes I don't like the messages I see, pieces such as Serrano's Piss Christ conveys a message that a Jackson Pollack just doesn't. Pendulums can only swing so far before they come back. The art world, like everything, reflects this. It seems the reverse has already began in many ways though only the future will say for sure. Works Cited Arc Space. 1 August 2005. 1 June 2012 . Architect's Newspaper. 1 June 2012 . Safdie Architects. 31 May 2012 . Saieh, Nico. ArchDaily. 26 July 2010. 1 June 2012 . Sheets, Hilarie M. "Architectural Extrovert." ARTnews April 2011: 60-63. TED. March 2002. 31 May 2012 .